نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 کارشناسی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار، دانشگاه معارف اسلامی، قم، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
In today’s world of diplomacy, negotiation plays a highly influential role in international relations. Having a model of successful negotiations, as well as studying unsuccessful negotiations and examining the reasons for their failure, enables negotiators to avoid wasting time and resources on trial and error in sensitive and strategic situations, and to refrain from repeating paths that have previously proven unsuccessful. The present study adopts a comparative approach and draws upon the theoretical framework of “Diplomacy of Exhausting Proof (Itmām al-Ḥujjah) and Defensive Rationality” to extract the common principles underlying negotiations conducted during two significant religious and national historical periods. By examining the sira (conduct) of Imam Ali in the negotiations of the three wars—Jamal, Ṣiffīn, and Nahrawān—and comparing them with the negotiations and diplomatic efforts of the Islamic Republic of Iran during the Sacred Defense (the Iran–Iraq War), this study demonstrates that in both periods leaders consistently consulted trusted advisors and specialists in relevant fields prior to engaging in battle or taking action. Through dispatching capable envoys, sending clarifying letters, and engaging in direct dialogue, they exerted every effort to prevent bloodshed and establish peace.
At the same time, the findings indicate that within this model, negotiation was not pursued as a means of compromise, but rather functioned as part of a “chain of exhausting proof,” such that after completing the process of establishing proof, leaders would stand firmly against their adversaries. They remained steadfast in their covenants and commitments—even under difficult circumstances, such as the acceptance of Resolution 598, comparable to arbitration (ḥakamiyyah). A comparative study of these two historical periods is of considerable importance for deriving models applicable to political and military negotiations.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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